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A thermodynamic model is proposed for the determination of kinematic viscosities of saturated fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) of various chain lengths at different temperatures. The linearity of the natural logarithm of viscosity-carbon number, plot is limited to a narrow carbon number range. The predicted viscosities of FAMEs of C 12:0 –C 18:0 , which are commonly found in vegetable...
The ‘extended’ and ‘effective-conductivity’ droplet vaporization models developed by Abramzon and Sirignano [Abramzon B, Sirignano WA. Droplet vaporization model for spray combustion calculations. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 1989;32(9):1605–18] are generalized to take into account the contribution of thermal radiation and the temperature dependence of liquid fuel properties. The thermal radiation effect...
The molecular weight of asphaltenes has been a controversy for several decades. In recent years, several techniques have converged on the size of the fused ring system; indicating that chromophores in virgin crude oil asphaltenes typically have 4–10 fused rings. Consequently, the molecular weight debate is equivalent to determining whether asphaltenes are monomeric (one fused-ring system per molecule)...
In the recycling process of waste plastics using coke ovens, coals and added plastics are carbonized and changed into coke, tar, oil and coke oven gas in a coke oven chamber. In this study, the effect of added plastic size on coke quality and the effect of plastic addition on coking pressure was investigated. In the case of a plastic addition rate of 2%, the coke strength (DI15150) reached a minimum...
The hydration behaviour of sixteen ashes, obtained from different commercial-scale fluidized bed combustors, has been investigated. Hydration is important for both ash disposal and reactivation of excess lime present in the ashes for further use in flue gas desulphurization. The techniques used were instrumental and conventional chemical analysis, thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction. The ashes...
A comparative study of the effects of mineral and pyrite removal on the determination of organic sulfur functionalities in representative, as well as its low and high sulfur analogue samples of Tabas coal (C1 seam) were studied by atmospheric pressure–temperature-programmed reduction (AP-TPR) method. The AP-TPR investigation showed the presence of di-aryl sulfides, aryl–alkyl sulfides, simple and...
Mineralogy, sulfur and 40 other element contents were determined on eight samples of the Taixi coal and its preparation products from the Rujigou mining district, China. INAA, ICP-AES, CV-AAS, GAAS, XRD, SEM/EDX, conventional chemical and maceral analysis were carried out on the samples. This study is focused on the partitioning behavior of the minerals and elements during the coal cleaning, and the...
A method to determine the Schmidt number of fuel is proposed from the behavior of laminar lifted jet flames. Based on the observation of a laminar lifted flame edge, the flame stabilization point is located along the stoichiometric contour in the mixing layer of fuel and air in laminar jets, since a tribrachial (triple) flame structure exists which is composed of a diffusion flame, a rich premixed...
The effects of combustion driven acoustic oscillations in carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides emission rates of a combustor operated with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were investigated. Because the fuel does not contain nitrogen, tests were also conducted with ammonia injected in the fuel, in order to study the formation of fuel NO x . The main conclusions were: (a) the pulsating combustion...
Fissure patterns have been studied for both high-volatile, low-coking pressure coals and low-volatile, high-coking pressure coals. The high-volatile coals form an extensive pattern of interconnected fissures, which seem to form early on and extend further toward the plastic region than the low-volatile coals, which form only a few fissures that do not extend very far into the charge. It is proposed...
The use of ozonized vegetable oils as pour point depressant for neat biodiesel was evaluated. Ozonized vegetable oils (1–1.5% by weight) were effective in reducing the pour point of biodiesel prepared from sunflower oil, soybean oil and rapeseed oil to −24, −12 and −30°C, respectively. Cloud point however remained unaffected. In the case of palm oil biodiesel, significant reduction was observed in...
Pyrene was used as a typical four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), to investigate the mechanisms and incineration behaviour of large organic molecules in a batch supercritical water oxidation reactor using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The distribution of carbon as gaseous species and organic species in relation to the temperature and pressure, and reaction time was monitored. The results...
Pyrolysis capillary gas chromatography has been applied to the study of the co-pyrolysis of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) with Slovakian brown coal with the aim of finding pyrolysis conditions yielding a maximum amount of methyl methacrylate (MMA). Effects of pyrolysis temperature and PMMA–coal weight ratios were investigated. Capillary gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detector...
This paper reports the significant enhancement of hydrogen production during the gasification of Victorian brown coal with steam using iron as a catalyst. Iron was loaded into the acid-washed Loy Yang brown coal using ferric chloride aqueous solution. Gasification experiments were carried out using a quartz reactor at a fast particle heating rate. The yield of char was determined by directly weighing...
Batch leaching tests have been performed on fly ashes collected from four Australian power stations fuelled by chemically different coals. Two acidic and two alkaline fly ashes were subjected to long-term (144h) leaching tests, and the behaviour of As, B, Mo and Se was investigated to obtain data on their potential for mobilisation during fly ash–water interactions. All four elements are mobile under...
Combustion residues generated from different incineration processes create major environmental problems because these materials contain high amounts of toxic substances. In this communication, we report the leaching behaviours of three residues along with their mineralogical compositions. Column leaching experiments at two different pH values were conducted to study the leaching behaviours. Leachants...
Microwave-assisted acid digestion (MW-AD) followed by atomic spectrometries such as inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) was examined for the determination of major and trace elements in coal fly ash (CFA). Effective digestion conditions were studied using four certified reference materials of CFA, with particular focus on the composition of acid mixture and the removal...
Novel cermet (i.e. ceramic–metal composite) membranes have been developed to separate hydrogen from mixed gases, particularly product streams generated during coal gasification and/or methane reforming. Hydrogen separation with these membranes is non-galvanic, i.e. it does not use electrodes or an external power supply to drive the separation, and hydrogen selectivity is nearly 100% because the membranes...
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